Gynaecology and Obstetrics
Gynaecology is a branch of medicine that deals with the health of the female reproductive system. It focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and management of diseases related to female reproductive organs.
Female Reproductive System (Main Organs Studied in Gynaecology)
- Labia Majora – Outer protective folds of skin.
- Labia Minora – Inner folds protecting the vaginal opening.2
- Clitoris – Sensitive organ involved in sexual pleasure.
- Vaginal opening – Entrance to the vagina
- Urethral opening – Opening for urine.
Vagina
- Muscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside body
Functions
- Menstrual flow passage
- Sexual intercourse
- Birth canal during delivery
Uterus (Womb)
- Pear-shaped muscular organ.
- Located between bladder and rectum.
Functions:
- Implantation of fertilized egg
- Growth of fetus during pregnancy
Layers:
- Endometrium – inner lining
- Myometrium – muscular layer
- Perimetrium – outer layer
Fallopian Tubes
- Two thin tubes connecting ovaries to uterus.
Function:
- Transport of egg (ovum)
- Fertilization usually occurs here.
Ovaries
- Two almond-shaped glands.
Functions:
- Produce eggs (ova)
- Produce female hormones
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle is the monthly hormonal cycle preparing the body for pregnancy.
Average cycle: 28 days.
Phases:
Menstrual Phase (Day 1–5)
- Shedding of uterine lining.
- Menstrual bleeding occurs.
Follicular Phase (Day 1–13)
- Ovary develops follicles.
- Estrogen increases.
- Uterine lining thickens.
Ovulation (Day 14)
- Ovary releases an egg.
Luteal Phase (Day 15–28)
- Progesterone prepares uterus for pregnancy.
- If no pregnancy occurs → menstruation starts.
Common Gynecological Diseases
Menstrual Disorders
- Irregular periods
- Heavy bleeding (Menorrhagia)
- Painful periods (Dysmenorrhea)
- Absence of periods (Amenorrhea)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Symptoms:
- Irregular periods
- Excess hair growth
- Acne
- Infertility
- Weight gain
Uterine Fibroids
- Non-cancerous growths in uterus.
Symptoms:
- Heavy bleeding
- Pelvic pain
- Abdominal swelling
Endometriosis
- Endometrial tissue grows outside uterus.
Causes:
- Severe pelvic pain
- Infertility
- Painful periods
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Infection of uterus, tubes, and ovaries.
- Usually caused by sexually transmitted infections.
Symptoms:
- Lower abdominal pain
- Fever
- Vaginal discharge
Cervical Cancer
- Cancer of the cervix.
- Mostly caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
Prevention:
- Pap smear screening
- HPV vaccination
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